Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T00:38:21.568Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The use of fresh and frozen semen in human artificial insemination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 July 2008

M. C. N. Jackson  and
D. W. Richardson
M. C. N. Jackson
Affiliation:
Mount Jocelyn, Crediton, DevonEdinburgh
D. W. Richardson
Affiliation:
MRC Unit of Reproductive Biology, 2 Forrest Road, Edinburgh
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

In a medical practice in which artificial insemination has been carried out for over 40 years, 40% of women inseminated with donor semen (AID), and 21% inseminated with homologous semen (AIH) gave birth to children. Up to December 1975, 399 pregnancies were achieved using fresh donor semen and nineteen with deep-frozen semen. There was no apparent increase in the incidence of birth anomalies in children conceived with frozen semen, nor was there a significant increase in the incidence of still-births, ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage when compared to the rate in the normal population. Eight conceptions were achieved using deep-frozen semen stored for 6 months or longer, and one pregnancy was achieved with a specimen frozen for 3 years. Good cryosurvial was observed in semen frozen for up to 6·7 years. The development of many of the children was followed, and it was concluded that the great majority of marriages into which AID children were born, were undoubtedly enriched and psychological and sociological problems were few. The whole field still awaits the implementation of recommendations concerning the legal status of children born as a result of AID.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Biosocial Science , Volume 9 , Issue 2 , April 1977 , pp. 251 - 262
Copyright
Copyright © 1977, Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Banks, A. L. (1968) Aspects of adoption and artifical insemination. In: Progress in Infertility, 1st edn, Chap. 31. Edited by Behrman, S. J. and Kistner, R. W.Little, Brown, Boston.Google Scholar
Behrman, S. J. (1968) Techniques of artificial insemination. In: Progress in Infertility, 1st edn, p. 717. Edited by Behrman, S. J. and Kistner, R. W.Little, Brown, Boston.Google Scholar
Behrman, S. J. (1971) Freeze preservation of human spermatozoa in liquid nitrogen vapour. Schweiz Z. Geb. 2, 307.Google Scholar
Behrman, S. J. (1972) Clinical Experience with Frozen Semen. Recent Advances in Female Reproductive Physiology. Seminar on AI and Frozen Semen Storage, New York Medical College.Google Scholar
Behrman, S. J. & Kistner, R. W. (1975) A rational approach to the evaluation of infertility In: Progress in Infertility, 2nd edn, Chap. 1. Edited by Behrman, S. J. and Kistner, R. W.Little, Brown, Boston.Google Scholar
Behrman, S. J. & Sawada, Y. (1966) Heterologous and homologous inseminations with human semen frozen and stored in a liquid nitrogen refrigerator. Fert. Steril. 17, 457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunge, R. G. & Sherman, J. K. (1953) Fertilizing capacity of frozen human spermatozoa. Nature, Lond. 172, 767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuisine, D. J. (1975) The legal position of artificial insemination by donor. J. med. Ethics 1, 40.Google Scholar
Feversham Committee (1960) Report of the Departmental Committee on Human Artificial Insemination. Command 1105, HM Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Friberg, J. & Gemzell, C. (1973) Inseminations of human sperm after freezing in liquid nitrogen vapors with glycerol or glycerol–egg yolk–citrate as protective media. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 116, 330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerber, C. T. (1968) Medical progress in artificial insemination. Illinois med. J. 134, 755.Google ScholarPubMed
Gerstel, G. (1963) A psychoanalyticial view of artificial donor insemination. Am. J. Psychother. 17, 64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guttmacher, A. F. (1960) The role of artificial insemination in the treatment of sterility. Obstetl gynec. Surv. 15, 767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, C. & Jackson, M. H. (1955) A method of concentrating spermatozoa in human semen. J. clin. Path. 8, 341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, L. (1965) French statistical research in natural fertility. In: Public Health and Population Change. Edited by Sheps, M. C. and Ridley, J. C.University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Lizuka, R., Sawada, Y., Nishina, N. & Ohi, M. (1968) Physical and mental development of children born following artificial insemination. Int. J. Fert. 13, 24.Google Scholar
Jackson, M. H. (1957a) Artificial insemination (donor). Eugen. Rev. 48, 203.Google ScholarPubMed
Jackson, M. H. (1957b) Discussion on artificial insemination. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 50, 683.Google Scholar
Jain, A. (1967) Stochastic Fertility Models: an Empirical Test in Taiwan PhD thesis., Department of Sociology, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Jones, A. & Bodmer, W. F. (1974) Artificial insemination by donor and the treatment of in fertility. In: Our Future Inheritance: Choice or Chance?. Chap.2. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kardimon, S. (1950) Artificial insemination in the Talmud. Harofé haiv. 2, 164.Google Scholar
Kerr, M. G. & Rogers, C. (1975) Donor insemination. J. Med. Ethics. 1, 30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleegman, S. J., Amelar, R. D., Sherman, J. K., Hirschhorn, K. & Pilpel, H. (1970) Round table: artificial donor insemination. Med. Asp. hum. Sex. 4, 85.Google Scholar
Kleegman, S. J. & Kaufman, S. A. (1966) Therapeutic donor insemination. In: Infertility in women, Chap. 22. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Levie, L. H. (1967) An enquiry into the psychological effects on parents of artificial insemination with donor semen. Eugen. Rev. 59, 97.Google Scholar
Looveset, J. (1951) Artificial insemination: attitudes of patients in Norway. Fert. Steril. 2, 415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaren, A. (1973) Biological aspects of AID. In: Law and Ethics of AID and Embryo Transfer. Edited by Wolstenholme, G. E. W. and Fitzsimmons, D. W. Ciba Foundation Symposium. Associated Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
MacLeod, J. & Gold, R. Z. (1953) The male factor in fertility and sterility. VI. Semen quality and certain other factors in relation to ease of conception. Fert. Steril. 4, 10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkes, A. S. (1960) The biology of spermatozoa and artificial insemination. In: Marshall's Physiology of Reproduction. Vol. 1, Part2, Chap. 9. Edited by Parkes, A. S.Longmans, London.Google Scholar
Peel Committee. (1973) Report of the Panel on Human Artificial Insemination. Br. med. J. 2, Suppl. Appendix V, 3.Google Scholar
Rabosh, J. & Tomasek, Z. D. (1967) Therapeutic donor insemination results. J. Reprod. Fert. 14, 421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, D. W. (1975) Artificial insemination in the human. In: Modern Trends in Human Genetics, Vol. 2, Chap. 13. Edited by Emery, A. E. H.Butterworth, London.Google Scholar
Rubin, B. (1965) Psychological aspects of human artificial insemination. Archs gen. Psychiat. 13, 121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandler, B. (1972) Donor insemination in England. Wld med. J. 19, 87.Google Scholar
Schellen, A. M. C. M. (1957) Artificial Insemination in the Human. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Schoysman, R. & Schoysman-Deboeck, A. (1976) Results of donor insemination with frozen semen. Sperm action. Prog. reprod. Biol. 1, 252.Google Scholar
Sheps, M. C. (1965) An analysis of reproductive patterns in an American isolate. Popul. Stud. 21, 65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherman, J. K. (1964) Research on frozen human semen. Fert. Steril. 15, 485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherman, J. K. (1973) Synopsis of the use of frozen human semen since 1964: state of the art of human semen banking. Fert. Steril. 24, 397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Short, R. V. (1976) The evolution of human reproduction. Proc. R. Soc. In press.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, G. P. (1970) For unto us a child is born—legally. Am. Bar. Ass. J. 56, 143.Google Scholar
Steinberger, E. & Smith, K. D. (1973) Artificial insemination with fresh or frozen semen. J. Am. med. Ass. 223, 778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, O. M. (1973) English law in relation to AID and embryo transfer. In: Law and Ethics of AID and Embryo Transfer, p. 17. Edited by Wolstenholme, G. E. W. and Fitz-simmons, D. W. Ciba Foundation Symposium. Associated Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Vincent, P. (1961) Recherches sur la Fécondité Biologique. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.Google Scholar
WHO. (1958) Comparative Study of Congenital Malformations. Supplement to the Bulletin of the World Health Organization. MRC Population Genetics Research Unit, Oxford.Google Scholar