Hostname: page-component-6b989bf9dc-pkhfk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-14T20:51:05.945Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

VARIATION OF HUMAN SEX RATIOS AT BIRTH BY THE SEX COMBINATIONS OF THE EXISTING SIBS, AND BY REPRODUCTIVE STOPPING RULES: COMMENTS ON GARENNE (2009)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2011

WILLIAM H. JAMES
Affiliation:
The Galton Laboratory, University College London, UK

Summary

Garenne (2009) presented data on the sex ratio of a present birth by the numbers of previous brothers and sisters. In unisexual sibships, the probability of a further girl increases with the number of previous girls; and the probability of a further boy increases with the number of previous boys. Garenne noted that there is an asymmetry in that the effect is stronger with regard to girls than boys. He was uncertain of the cause of this. Here I suggest a potential solution to this problem. Garenne also seems to imply that parental reproductive stopping rules cause heterogeneity of sex ratios. I suggest that they may reveal it – but do not cause it. Moreover, I suggest that the effects of such stopping rules may be counter-intuitive.

Type
Debate
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Astolfi, P., Cuccia, M. & Martinetti, M. (2001) Paternal HLA genotype and offspring sex ratio. Human Biology 73, 315319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catalano, R., Bruckner, T., Marks, A. R. & Eskenazi, B. (2006) Exogenous shocks to the human sex ratio: the case of September 11th 2001 in New York City. Human Reproduction 21, 31273131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chahnazarian, A., Blumberg, B. S. & London, W. T. (1988) Hepatitis B and the sex ratio at birth: a comparative analysis of four populations. Journal of Biosocial Science 20, 357370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Czeizel, A., Puho, E. H. & Banhidy, F. (2010) Sex ratio of newborn infants born to pregnant women with severe chronic constipation. Clinical Epidemiology 2, 217219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickinson, H. & Parker, L. (1994) Do alcohol and lead change the sex ratio? Journal of Theoretical Biology 169, 313.Google Scholar
European PHC Network (2005) A significant sex – but not elective Cesarian section – effect on mother-to-child transmission of Hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 192, 18721879.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. W. F. (1958) An analysis of Geissler's data on the human sex ratio. Annals of Human Genetics 23, 615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, A. W. F. (1960) The meaning of binomial distribution. Nature 186, 1074.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feller, W. (1950) An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, 2nd Edition. Wiley International, New York.Google Scholar
Fukuda, M., Fukuda, K., Andersen, C. Y. & Byskov, A. G. (2001) Side of ovulation, hormones and sex ratio. Human Reproduction 16, 198199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garenne, M. (2009) Sex ratio at birth and family composition in sub-Saharan Africa: inter-couple variations. Journal of Biosocial Science 41, 399407.Google Scholar
Garry, V. F., Harkins, M. E., Erickson, L. L., Long-Simpson, L. K., Holland, S. E. & Burroughs, B. L. (2002a) Birth defects, season of conception and sex of children born to pesticide applicators living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, U.S.A. Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supplement 3), 441449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garry, V. F., Harkins, M., Lyubimov, Erickson, L. & Long, L. (2002b) Reproductive outcomes in the women of the Red River Valley of the North. 1. The spouses of pesticide of pesticide applicators: pregnancy loss, age at menarche, and exposure to pesticides. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 65, 769786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garry, V. F., Holland, S. E., Erickson, L. L. & Burroughs, B. L. (2003) Male reproductive hormones and thyroid function in pesticide applicators in the Red River Valley of Minnesota. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health A 66, 965986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goerres, H. P. & Gerbert, K. (1976) Sex ratio of offspring of pilots: a contribution to stress research. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 47, 889892.Google ScholarPubMed
Grant, V. J. (1990) Maternal personality and sex of infant. British Journal of Medical Psychology 63, 261266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gundy, S., Babosa, M., Baki, M. & Bodrigi, I. (2004) Increased predisposition to cancer in brothers and offspring of testicular tumor patients. Pathology and Oncological Research 10, 197203I.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irgens, A. & Irgens, L. M. (1999) Male proportions in offspring of military air pilots in Norway. Norsk Epidemiologi 9, 4749.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, R., Bostofte, E., Engholm, G., Hansen, J., Skakkebaek, N. E. & Moller, H. (2000) Fertility and offspring sex ratio of men who develop testicular cancer: a record linkage study. Human Reproduction 15, 19581961.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobsen, R., Miller, H. & Engholm, G. (1999) Fertility rates in Denmark in relation to the sexes of the preceding children in the family. Human Reproduction 14, 11271130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, W. H. (1975) Sex ratio and the sex composition of the existing sibs. Annals of Human Genetics 38, 371378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. H. (1987) The human sex ratio. Part 1: a review of the literature. Human Biology 59, 721752.Google ScholarPubMed
James, W. H. (1994) The sex ratios of offspring of parents with multiple sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology 13, 216219.Google Scholar
James, W. H. (1995) Sex ratios of offspring and the causes of placental pathology. Human Reproduction 10, 14031406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. H. (1997) The sex ratios of offspring of people exposed to non-ionizing radiation. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 54, 622623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, W. H. (1998) The sex ratio of offspring of people exposed to boron. Reproductive Toxicology 12, 673.Google ScholarPubMed
James, W. H. (1999) The sex ratio of offspring of people exposed to boron. Reproductive Toxicology 13, 235.Google ScholarPubMed
James, W. H. (2000a) The variation of the probability of a son within and across couples. Human Reproduction 15, 11841188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. H. (2000b) The sex ratio of children born to women with dermatoses of pregnancy. British Journal of Dermatology 143, 1345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. H. (2001a) The associated offspring sex ratios and cause(s) of hyperemesis gravidarum. Acta Obstetrica Gynecologica Scandinavica 80, 378379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. H. (2001b) Analysing data on the sex ratio of human births by cycle day of conception. Human Reproduction 15, 12061207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, W. H. (2007) The sex ratio of offspring of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 16, 6566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. H. (2008) The variations of human sex ratio at birth with time of conception within the cycle, coital rate around the time of conception, duration of time taken to achieve conception and duration of gestation: a synthesis. Journal of Theoretical Biology 255, 199204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. H. (2009a) Variation of the probability of a male birth within and between sibships. Human Biology 81, 1322.Google Scholar
James, W. H. (2009b) The variations of human sex ratios at birth during and after wars and their potential explanations. Journal of Theoretical Biology 257, 116123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kankova, S., Sulc, J., Nouzova, K., Fajfrlik, K., Frynta, D. & Flegr, J. (2007) Women infected with parasite Toxoplasma have more sons. Naturwissenschaften 94, 122127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khashan, A. S., Henriksen, T. B., McNamee, R., Mortensen, P. B., McCarthy, F. P. & Kenny, L.C. (2010) Parental celiac disease and offspring sex ratio. Epidemiology 21, 913914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitzinger, C. & Willmott, J. (2002) ‘The thief of womanhood’: women's experience of polycystic ovary syndrome. Social Science & Medicine 54, 349361.Google Scholar
Koshy, G., Delpisheh, A., Brabin, L., Attia, E. & Brabin, B. J. (2010) Parental smoking and increased likelihood of female births. Annals of Human Biology 37, 789800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langaney, A. & Pison, G. (1979) Rougeole et augmentation temporaire de la masculinite des naissances: coincidence ou causalite? Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Sciences, Paris ‘D’ 289, 12551258.Google Scholar
Little, B. B., Rigsby, C. H. & Little, L. R. (1987) Pilot and astronaut offspring: possible G-force effects on human sex ratio. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 58, 707709.Google Scholar
Lyster, W. R. (1982) Altered sex ratio in children of divers. Lancet ii, 152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maconochie, N. & Roman, E. (1997) Sex ratios: are there natural variations within the human population? British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104, 10501053.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malinvaud, E. (1955) Relations entre la composition des familles et le taux de masculinite. Journal of Social Statistics, Paris 96, 49.Google Scholar
Mocarelli, P., Gerthoux, P. M., Ferrari, E., Patterson, D. G., Kieszak, S. M., Brambilla, P. et al. (2000) Paternal concentrations of dioxin and sex ratio of offspring. Lancet 355, 18581863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moller, H. (1998) Trends in sex ratio, testicular cancer, and male reproductive hazards: are they connected? Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica (APMIS) 106, 232239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olsson, H. & Brandt, L. (1982) Sex ratio in offspring of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. New England Journal of Medicine 306, 367.Google ScholarPubMed
Piazze, J., Nigro, G., Mazzocco, M., Marchiani, E., Brancato, V., Anceschi, M. M. & Cosmi, E. V. (1999) The effect of primary cytomegalovirus infection on fetal lung maturity indices. Early Human Development 54, 137144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickles, A. R., Crouchley, R. & Davies, R. B. (1982) New methods for the analysis of sex ratio data independent of the effects of family limitation. Annals of Human Genetics 46, 7581.Google Scholar
Potashnik, G. & Yanai-Inbar, I. (1987) Dibromochloropropane (DBCP): an 8-year re-evaluation of testicular function and reproductive performance. Fertility and Sterility 47, 317323.Google Scholar
Rockert, H. O. E. (1977) Changes in the vascular bed in testes of rats exposed to air at 5 atmospheres absolute pressure. I.R.C.S. Journal of Medical Science 5, 107.Google Scholar
Sakamoto, M., Nakano, A. & Akagi, H. (2001) Declining Minamata male birth ratio associated with increased male fetal death due to heavy methylmercury pollution. Environmental Research 87, 9298.Google Scholar
Shields, M. D., O'Hare, B., Nelson, J., Stewart, M. C. & Coyle, P. (2002) Maternal cytomegalovirus seropositivity affects sex determination. British Medical Journal 325, 335.Google Scholar
Snyder, R. G. (1961) The sex ratio of offspring of pilots of high performance military aircraft. Human Biology 33, 110.Google Scholar
Weatherburn, C. E. (1949) A First Course in Mathematical Statistics, 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar