Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-hgkh8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T10:28:03.333Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Cellular analysis of behavior and cognition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

R. J. W. Mansfield
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 02138

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES FOR COMMENTARY AND RESPONSE

Adrian, E. D.The Basis of Sensation. London: Christophers, 1928. [GW]Google Scholar
Aiba, T. S. and Stevens, S. S.Relation of brightness to duration and luminance under light- and dark-adaptation. Vision Research. 4: 391401, 1964. [TF]Google Scholar
Allport, D. A.Temporal summation and phenomenal simultaneity: Experiments with the radius display. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 22: 686701, 1970. [MC, GW]Google Scholar
Alpern, M. and Faris, J. J.Luminance-duration relationship in the electric response of the human retina. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 46: 845–50, 1956. [RAW]Google Scholar
Anglin, J. and Mansfield, R. J. W.On the brightness of short and long flashes. Perception and Psychophysics. 4: 161–62, 1968. [RM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnett, D. W.Spatial and temporal integration properties of units in first optic ganglion of dipterans. Journal of Neurophysiology. 35: 429–44, 1972. [MJ]Google Scholar
Averbach, E.The span of apprehension as a function of exposure durations. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 2: 6064, 1963. [RH]Google Scholar
Babkoff, H. and Gombosh, D.Monaural and binaural temporal integration of noise bursts. Psychological Research. 39: 137–45, 1976. [HB]Google Scholar
Babkoff, H., Sutton, S., and Zubin, J. A comparison of psychiatric patients and normal controls on the integration of auditory stimuli. Presented at symposium: Lateralized Hemispheric Function and Psychopathology. American Psychological Association, Toronto, 1978. [HB]Google Scholar
Bain, A.The Senses and the Intellect. London: Parker. Pp. 1819, 1855. [FMc]Google Scholar
Barlow, H. B.Increment thresholds at low intensities considered as signal/noise discriminations. Journal of Physiology. 136: 469–88, 1957. [GS]Google Scholar
Temporal and spatial summation in human vision of different background intensities. Journal of Physiology. 141:337–50, 1958. [TF, GS]Google Scholar
Bartlett, J. R. and Doty, R. W. SrResponse of units in the striate cortex of squirrel monkeys to visual and electrical stimuli. Journal of Neurophysiology. 37: 621–41, 1974. [MP]Google Scholar
Baru, A. V. Absolute thresholds and frequency difference limens as a function of sound duration in dogs deprived of the auditory cortex. In Gersuni, G. V. (ed.), Sensory Processes at the Neuronal and Behavioral Levels. New York: Academic Press, 1971. [HB]Google Scholar
Baumgardt, E. and Segal, J.Facilitation et inhibition parametrès de la fonction visuelle. L'Annèe Psychologique. 4344:54102, 19421943. [GW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazhin, E. F., Wasserman, L. I., and Tonkonogii, I. M.Auditory hallucinations and left temporal lobe pathology. Neuropsychologia. 13: 481–87, 1975. [HB]Google Scholar
Becker, C. A. and Killion, T. H.Interaction of visual and cognitive effects in word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 3: 389401, 1977. [MP]Google Scholar
Bellman, R.Perturbation Techniques in Mathematics, Physics, and Engineering. New York; Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964. [RM]Google Scholar
Bernhard, C. G.Contributions to the neurophysiology of the optic pathway. Acta physiologica Scandinavica. 1:Suppl. 1, 1940. [SS]Google Scholar
Bickford, R. G., Jacobson, J. L., and Cody, D. T. R.Nature of average evoked potentials of sound and other stimuli in man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 112: 204–18, 1964. [FMc]Google Scholar
Blackwell, H. R.Neural theories of simple visual discriminations. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 53: 129–60, 1963. [GS]Google Scholar
Blondel, A. and Rey, J.Sur la perception des lumières brèves à la limite de leur portée. Journal de Physiologie (Paris). 1: 530–50, 1911. [TF]Google Scholar
Blumenthal, Arthur L.The Process of Cognition. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977. [AB]Google Scholar
Bowen, R. W., Pola, J., and Matin, L.Visual persistence: effects of flash luminance, duration and energy. Vision Research. 14: 295303, 1974. [MC;GW]Google Scholar
Bowman, J. P. and Combs, C. M.The cerebrocortical projection of hypoglossal afferents. Experimental Neurology. 23: 291301, 1969. [FMc]Google Scholar
Boynton, R. M. Some temporal factors in vision. In: Rosenblith, W. A. (ed.), Sensory Communication. New York: Wiley, pp. 739756, 1961. [MK, JL, DV]Google Scholar
Breitmeyer, B. G. and Ganz, L.Implications of sustained and transient channels for theories of visual pattern masking, saccadic suppression, and information processing. Psychological Review. 83: 136, 1976. [BB]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B.Metacontrast and lateral inhibition. Psychological Review. 78: 528–39, 1976. [BB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Distributed sensory coding applied to simulations of iconic storage and metacontrast. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology. 40:605–23, 1978. [BB]Google Scholar
Broekhuijsen, J., Rashbass, C., and Veringa, F.The threshold of visual transients. Vision Research. 16: 1285–9, 1976. [GS]Google Scholar
Burgess, P. R. and Perl, E. R. Cutaneous mechanoreceptors and nociceptors. In: Iggo, A. (ed.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Volume II: Somatosensory System. New York, Springer, 1973. [MJ]Google Scholar
Cain, W. S.Spatial discrimination of cutaneous warmth. American Journal of Psychology. 86: 169–81, 1973. [LM]Google Scholar
Campbell, R. A. and Lasky, E. Z.Adaptive threshold procedures: BUDTIF. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 44: 537–41, 1968. [HB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, F. W. and Robson, J. G.Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. Journal of Physiology. 197: 551–66, 1968. [PL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, W. G. Elementary information processes. In: Estes, W. K. (ed.), Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes. Vol. 5. Human Information Processing. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum Associates. Pp. 1990, 1978. [SS]Google Scholar
Cobb, P. W.Some comments on the Ives theory of flicker. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 24: 9198, 1934. [GW]Google Scholar
Cooper, S. F.The effect of brightness in the range of attention experiments. American Journal of Psychology. 40: 254–74, 1928. [JT]Google Scholar
de Lange, H.Relationship between critical flicker frequency and a set of low frequency characteristics of the eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 44: 380–9, 1954. [GW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donchin, E. Event-related brain potentials: A tool in the study of human information processing. In: Begleiter, H. (ed.), Evoked Potentials in Psychiatry. New York: Plenum Press, in press. [ED]Google Scholar
Donchin, E. and Isreal, J. B. Event-related potentials-Approaches to cognitive psychology. In: Snow, R. E., Federico, P. A., and Montague, W. W. (eds.), Aptitude, Learning and Instruction: Cognitive Process Analyses. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, in press. [ED]Google Scholar
Ritter, W., and McCallum, C. Cognitive psychophysiology: The endogenous components of the ERP. In: Callaway, E., Tueting, P., and Koslow, S. (eds.), Brain Event-related Potentials in Man. New York: Academic Press, 1978. [ED]Google Scholar
Eccles, J. C.The Neurophysiological Basis of Mind. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1953. [SL]Google Scholar
Efron, R.The duration of the present. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 138: 713–29, 1967. [GW]Google Scholar
Ekman, G. A note on generalized psychophysical laws. Reports from the Psy-chophysical Laboratories, University of Stockholm, No. 32, 1956. [RMW]Google Scholar
Enroth, Christina. The mechanism of flicker and fusion studied on single retinal elements in the dark-adapted eye of the cat. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 27:Suppl. 100, 1952. [RAW]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A.The Language of Thought. New York: Crowell, 1975 [ZP]Google Scholar
Methodological solipsism considered as a research strategy in cognitive psychology. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, forthcoming. [ZP]Google Scholar
French, A. S. and Järvilehto, M.The dynamic behavior of photoreceptor cells in the fly in response to random (white noise) stimulation at a range of temperatures. Journal of Physiology. 274: 311–22, 1978. [PL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frumkes, T. E. and Miller, R. F.Pathways and polarities of synaptic interaction in the inner retina of the mudpuppy: II. Insight revealed by an analysis of latency and threshold. Brain Research. 161: 1324, 1979. [TF]Google Scholar
Frumkes, T. E., Nygaard, R. W., Licht, J. L., and Bauer, G.Temporal reciprocity within the long-wavelength cones of the frog, Rana pipiens. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 65: 1205–6, 1975. [TF]Google Scholar
Fuortes, M. G. F. and Hodgkin, A. L.Changes in time scale and sensitivity in the ommatidia of limulus. Journal of Physiology. 172: 239–63, 1964. [SY]Google Scholar
Fuortes, M. G. F. and Poggio, G. F.Transient responses to sudden illumination in cells of the eye of Limulus. Journal of General Physiology. 46: 435–52, 1963. [RAW]Google Scholar
Garner, W. R.The effect of frequency spectrum on temporal integration of energy in the ear. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 19: 808–15, 1947. [GW]Google Scholar
Gersuni, G. V., Baru, A. V., Karaseva, T. A., and Tonkonogii, I. M. Effects of temporal lobe lesions on perception of sounds of short duration. In Gersuni, G. V. (ed. ), Sensory Processes at the Neuronal and Behavioral Levels. New York: Academic Press, 1971. [HB]Google Scholar
Graham, C. H. (ed.). Vision and Visual Perception. New York: Wiley, 1965. [RMW]Google Scholar
Graham, C. H. and Kemp, E. H.Brightness discrimination as a function of the duration of the increment in intensity. Journal of General Physiology. 21: 635–50, 1938. [GS]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. B. and Sato, M.Properties of the receptor potential in pacinian corpuscles. Journal of Physiology. 122: 610–36, 1953. [MJ]Google Scholar
Green, D. M.Auditory detection of a noise signal. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 32: 121–31, 1960. [DR]Google Scholar
Green, D. M. and Luce, R. D. Speed-accuracy tradeoff in auditory detection. In Korn-blum, S. (ed.), Attention and Performance IV. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 547–69, 1973. [BW]Google Scholar
Green, D. M. and Swets, J. A.Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics. New York: Wiley, 1966. [DR]Google Scholar
Grossberg, M.Failure of Bloch's law for simple reaction time. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 4: 147–9, 1974. [MK]Google Scholar
Haber, R. N. and Standing, L. G.Direct estimates of the apparent duration of a flash. Canadian Journal of Psychology. 24: 216–29, 1970. [GW]Google Scholar
Harris, S.What's So Funny about Science? Los Altos, Calif.: William Kaufman, 1977. [ED]Google Scholar
Hartline, H. K.Visual receptors and retinal interaction. Science. 164: 270–78, 1969. [SL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haugeland, J.The nature and plausibility of cognitivism. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1: 215–60, 1978. [ZP]Google Scholar
Hefferline, R. F.The role of proprioception in the control of behavior. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. 20: 739764, 1958. [FMc]Google Scholar
Hirsh, I. J. Temporal aspects of hearing. In: Tower, D. B. (ed.), The Nervous System. Vol. 3. Human Communication and Its Disorders. New York: Raven Press, 1975. [LF]Google Scholar
Ikeda, M. and Boynton, R. M.Effect of test-flash duration upon the spectral sensitivity of the eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 52: 697–9, 1962. [GS]Google Scholar
Ives, H. E.CFF relations in scotopic vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 6: 254–68, 1922a. [GW]Google Scholar
A theory of intermittent vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 6:343–61, 1922b. [GW]Google Scholar
Jankowska, E. and Smith, D. O.Antidromic activation of Renshaw cells and their axonal projections. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 88: 198214, 1973. [DV]Google Scholar
Johansson, G. G.Electrical stimulation of a human ventrolateral-subventrolat-eral thalamic target area, II. Combination of different durations of single pulses with the peak current just adequate to evoke clinical responses. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 72: 446–55, 1969. [DV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, K. O., Darian-Smith, I., and LaMotte, C.Peripheral neural determinants of temperature discrimination in man: a correlative study. Journal of Neurophysiology. 36: 347–70, 1973. [SL]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D.Time-intensity reciprocity under various conditions of adaptation and backward masking. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 71: 543549, 1966. [DK, GW]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D.Time-intensity reciprocity in acuity as a function of luminance and figure-ground contrast. Vision Research. 6: 207–15, 1966. [DK, GW]Google Scholar
Norman, J., and Kubovy, M.Critical duration for the resolution of form: centrally or peripherally determined? Journal of Experimental Psychology. 73: 323–27, 1967. [DK]Google Scholar
Katz, M. S. The perceived brightness of light flashes. Doctoral Dissertation. Univ. Rochester, 1959. [JL]Google Scholar
Brief flash brightness. Vision Research. 4:361–73, 1964. [MK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kietzman, M. L., Shapiro, E., and Bienstock, B. “Visual temporal integration and simple reaction time (RT) for equal-energy stimuli of different luminances.” Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, April, 1975. [MK]Google Scholar
Kietzman, M. L. and Sutton, S.The interpretation of two-pulse measures of temporal resolution in vision. Vision Research. 8: 287302, 1968. [TF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirsner, K.Naming latency facilitation: An analysis of the encoding component in recognition reaction time. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 95: 171–76, 1972. [AR]Google Scholar
Krantz, D. H. and Tversky, A.Conjoint-measurement analysis of composition rules in psychology. Psychological Review. 78: 151–69, 1971. [GS]Google Scholar
Kruskal, J. B.Analysis of factorial experiments by estimating monotone transformations of the data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 827: 251–63, 1965. [GS]Google Scholar
Kuffler, S. W.Discharge patterns and functional organization of mammalian retina. Journal of Neurophysiology. 16: 3768, 1953. [GW]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S.The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (2nd Edn.), 1970. [GW]Google Scholar
Kutas, M., McCarthy, G., and Donchin, E.Augmenting mental chronometry: The P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time. Science. 197: 792–95, 1977. [ED]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laughlin, S. B. and Hardie, R.Common strategies for light adaptation in the peripheral visual systems of fly and dragonfly. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 128: 319–40, 1978. [SL]Google Scholar
Liebowitz, H. W., Myers, N. A., and Grant, D. A.Radial localization of a single stimulus as a function of luminance and duration of exposure. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 45: 7678, 1955. [LM]Google Scholar
Levick, W. R. Receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells. In: Fuortes, M. G. F. (ed.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Volume VII/2: Physiology of Photoreceptor Organs. New York: Springer, 1972. [MJ]Google Scholar
Maintained discharge in the visual system and its role for information processing. In: Autrum, H., Jung, R., Loewenstein, W. R., McKay, D. M., and Teuber, H. L. (eds.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Vol. VII/3A. Central Processing of Visual Information. pp. 575–98. Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer, 1973a. [WL]Google Scholar
Variation in the response latency of cat retinal ganglion cells. Vision Research. 13:837–53, 1973b. [WL]Google Scholar
Levick, W. R. and Zacks, J. L.Responses of cat retinal ganglion cells to brief flashes of light. Journal of Physiology. 206: 677700, 1970. [TF]Google Scholar
Libet, B. Electrical stimulation of cortex in human subjects and conscious sensory aspects. In: Iggo, A. (ed.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. II, Chapter 19, Somatosensory system. pp. 743–90. Heidelberg: Springer- Ver-lag, 1973. [BL]Google Scholar
Neuronal vs. subjective timing, for a conscious sensory experience. In: Buser, P. and Rouguel-Buser, A. (eds.), Cerebral Correlates of Conscious Experience, Inserm Symposium No. 6. pp. 6982. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, 1978. [BL]Google Scholar
Alberts, W. W., Wright, E. W., Delattre, L. D., Levin, G., and Feinstein, B.Production of threshold levels of conscious sensation by electrical stimulation of human somatosensory cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology. 27: 546–78, 1964. [BL]Google Scholar
Alberts, W. W., Wright, E. W. Jr, and Feinstein, B.Responses of human somatosensory cortex to stimuli below threshold for conscious sensation. Science. 158: 1,597–1,600, 1967. [DV]Google Scholar
Cortical and thalamic activation in conscious sensory experience. In: Somjen, G. G. (ed.), Neurophysiology Studied in Man. pp. 157–68, Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1972. [BL]Google Scholar
Wright, E. W. Jr, Feinstein, B., and Pearl, D. K.Subjective referral of the timing for a conscious sensory experience: a functional role for the somatosensory specific projection system in man. Brain. 102: 191222, 1979. [BL]Google Scholar
Lindsay, P. H. and Norman, D. A.Short-term retention during a simultaneous detection task. Perception and Psychophysics. 5: 201–5, 1969. [ED]Google Scholar
Link, S. W.The relative judgment theory of two-choice reaction time. Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 12: 114–36, 1975. [AR]Google Scholar
The relative judgment theory analysis of response time deadline experiments. In Castellan, N. J. and Restle, F. (eds.), Cognitive Theory. Vol. 3. Hillsdale, N. J.: LEA, 1978. [AR]Google Scholar
Long, G. E.The effect of duration of onset and cessation of light flash on the intensity-time relation in the peripheral retina. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 41: 743–47, 1951. [TF]Google Scholar
Lorinstein, I. B. and Haber, R. N.Perceived numerosity: An information processing analysis. Canadian Journal of Psychology. 29: 224–36, 1975. [RH]Google Scholar
Lupp, U., Hauske, G., and Wolf, W.Perceptual latencies to sinusoidal gratings. Vision Research. 16: 969–72, 1976. [AP]Google Scholar
Mansfield, R. J. W.Brightness function: Effect of area and duration. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 63: 913–20, 1973b. [RM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Visual adaptation: Retinal transduction, brightness and sensitivity. Vision Research. 16:679–90, 1976a. [RM]Google Scholar
Psychophysics and the neural basis of information processing. In: Geissler, H. G. and Zabrodin, Y. M. (eds.), Advances in Psychophysics. pp. 349–76, Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1976b. [RM]Google Scholar
Mansfield, R. J. W. and Daugman, J. D.Retinal mechanisms of visual latency. Vision Research. 18: 1,247–60, 1978. [RM]Google Scholar
Marks, L. E.Sensory Processes: The New Psychophysics. New York: Academic Press, 1974. [DV]Google Scholar
McCarthy, G. and Donchin, E. Event-related brain potentials-Manifestations of cognitive activity. Prepared for the Bayer VII Symposium on the Evaluation of Old Age Related Changes and Disorders of Brain Function. Grosse Ledder, West Germany, October 1978, in press. [ED]Google Scholar
McCarthy, G., Kutas, M., and Donchin, E. Detecting errors with P300 latency. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Meeting, Society for Psychophysiological Research. Psychophysiology, in press. [ED]Google Scholar
McDougall, W.The variation of the intensity of visual sensation with the duration of the stimulus. Rritish Journal of Psychology. 1: 151–89, 1904. [DK]Google Scholar
McGuigan, F. J.Cognitive Psychophysiology: Principles of Covert Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978. [FMc]Google Scholar
McGuigan, F. J. and Pavek, G. V.On the psychophysiological identification of covert nonoral language processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 92: 237–45, 1972. [FMc]Google Scholar
Mihailovic, L. and Delgado, J. M. R.Electrical stimulation of monkey brain with various frequencies and pulse durations. Journal of Neurophysiology. 19: 2136, 1956. [DV]Google Scholar
Miller, J. M. and Glickstein, M.Neural circuits involved in visuomotor reaction time in monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology. 30: 399414, 1967. [SS]Google Scholar
Miller, J. O. and Pachella, R. G.Locus of the stimulus probability effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 101: 227–31, 1973. [SS]Google Scholar
Miller, R. F. and Dacheux, R. F.Synaptic organization and ionic basis of on and off channels in mudpuppy retina. III. A model of ganglion cell receptive field organization based on Chloride-free experiments. Journal of General Physiology. 67: 679–90, 1976. [TF]Google Scholar
Mitchell, D. E. Effects of early visual experience on the development of certain perceptual abilities in animals and man. In: Walk, R. E. and Pick, H. L. Jr (eds.), Perception and Experience. New York: Plenum Press, 1978. [RH]Google Scholar
Mollon, J. D. and Krauskopf, J.Reaction time as a measure of the temporal response properties of individual colour mechanisms. Vision Research. 13: 2740, 1973. [TU]Google Scholar
Moore, B. C. J.Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1977. [GW]Google Scholar
Mountcastle, V. B. An organizing principle for cerebral function: The unit module and the distributed system. In: Edelman, E. M. and Mountcastle, V. B., The Mindful Brain. pp. 751. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1978. [RM]Google Scholar
Mueller, C. G.Quantum concepts in visual intensity-discrimination. American Journal of Psychology. 63: 92100, 1950. [DR, GW]Google Scholar
Murray, H. G.Stimulus intensity and reaction time: Evaluation of a decision-theory model. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 84: 383–91, 1970. [SS]Google Scholar
Nagel, T.What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review. 83: 435–50, 1974. [BL]Google Scholar
Naka, K.-I.Functional organization of catfish retina. Journal of Neurophysiology. 40: 2643, 1977. [TF]Google Scholar
Naka, K.-I. and Rushton, W. A. H.The generation and spread of S-potentials in fish (Cyprinidae). Journal of Physiology. 192: 437–61, 1967. [TF]Google Scholar
Nichol, G. D. and Miller, W. H.Cyclic GMP injected into retinal rod outer segments increases latency and amplitude of response to illumination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 75: 5,217–20, 1978. [RM]Google Scholar
Nissen, M. J.Stimulus intensity and information processing. Perception and Psychophysics. 22: 338–52, 1977. [MP]Google Scholar
Norman, M. F. and Gallistel, C. R.What can one learn from a strength-duration experiment? Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 18: 124, 1978. [GS, GW]Google Scholar
Olds, J., Disterhoft, J. F., Segal, M., Kornblith, C. L., and Hirsh, R.Learning centers of rat brain mapped by measuring latencies of conditioned unit responses. Journal of Neurophysiology. 35: 202–19, 1972. [MP]Google Scholar
Penner, M. J.A power law transformation resulting in a class of short-term integrators that produce time-intensity trades for noise bursts. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 63: 195201, 1978. [HB]Google Scholar
Pieron, H.Psychologie expérimentale. Paris: Collins, 1939. [AP]Google Scholar
The Sensations: Their Functions, Processes, and Mechanisms. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1952. [MK]Google Scholar
Plomp, R. and Bouman, M. A.Relation between hearing threshold and duration for tone pulses. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 31: 749–58, 1959. [LF]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I.Chronometric Explorations of Mind. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1978. [MP, GW]Google Scholar
Prestrude, A. M.Visual latencies at photopic levels of retinal illuminance. Vision Research. 11: 351–61, 1971. [SS]Google Scholar
Pritchard, E. A. B.Cutaneous tactile localization. Brain. 54: 350–71, 1931. [LM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. Imagery and artificial intelligence. In Savage, W. (ed.), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 9. Minneapolis, Univ. Minn. Press, 1978. [ZP]Google Scholar
Explanatory adequacy of cognitive process models. In preparation, 1978. [ZP]Google Scholar
Raab, D. H.Backward masking. Psychological Bulletin. 60: 118–29, 1963. [AP]Google Scholar
Raab, D., Fehrer, E., and Hershenson, M.Visual reaction time and the Broca-Sulzer phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 61: 193–99, 1961. [SS]Google Scholar
Ranck, J. B. JrWhich elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review. Brain Research. 98: 417–40, 1975. [DV]Google Scholar
Rashbass, C.The visibility of transient changes of luminance. Journal of Physiology. 210: 165–86, 1970. [GS]Google Scholar
Ratcliff, R.A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review. 85: 59108, 1978. [AR]Google Scholar
Reed, A. V. Signal integration models of speed-accuracy tradeoff in recognition memory. Paper presented at the Mathematical Psychology Meeting, Montreal, 1973a. [AR]Google Scholar
Speed-accuracy tradeoff in recognition memory. Science. 181:574–76, 1973b. [AR]Google Scholar
List length and the time-course of recognition in immediate memory. Memory and Cognition. 4:613, 1976. [AR]Google Scholar
Regan, D.Evoked Potentials. New York: Wiley, 1972. [MP]Google Scholar
Ripps, H. and Weale, R. A.Cone pigments in the normal human fovea. Vision Research. 3: 531–43, 1963. [RAW]Google Scholar
Rodieck, R. W.The Vertebrate Retina, Principles of Structure and Function. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1973. [SL]Google Scholar
Rosner, B. S. and Goff, W. R. Electrical responses of the nervous system and subjective scales of intensity. In Neff, W. D. (ed.), Contributions to Sensory Physiology. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, 1967. [RMW]Google Scholar
Roufs, J. A. J.Perception lag as a function of stimulus luminance. Vision Research. 3: 8191, 1963. [SS]Google Scholar
Rutschmann, R. Perception of temporal order of electrocutaneous stimuli and simple reaction time. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, Mass., April 1967. [SS]Google Scholar
Saltzman, I. J. and Garner, W. R.Reaction time as a measure of span of attention. Journal of Psychology. 25: 227–41, 1948. [JT]Google Scholar
Sanders, A. F.The foreperiod effect revisited. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 27: 591–98, 1975. [MP]Google Scholar
Sanford, A. J.Effects of changes in the intensity of white noise on simultaneity judgments and simple reaction time. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 23: 296303, 1971. [SS]Google Scholar
Schwartz, R. J. and Friedland, B.Linear Systems. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1965. [GS]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. and Metzler, J.Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science. 171: 701703, 1971. [ED]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shevelev, I. A. and Hicks, L. H. Characteristics of temporal summation at different levels in the visual system of the cat. In: Gersuni, G. V. (ed.), Sensory Processes at the Neuronal and Behavioral Levels. New York: Academic Press, 1971. [TU]Google Scholar
Sperling, G.The information available in brief visual presentation. Psychological Monographs. 74:(whole No. 498), 1960. [AP]Google Scholar
Linear theory and the psychophysics of flicker. Documenta Ophthalmologica. 18:315, 1964. [GS]Google Scholar
Model of visual adaptation and contrast detection. Perception and Psychophysics. 8:143157, 1970. [JL]Google Scholar
Stebbins, W. C.Auditory reaction time and the derivation of equal loudness contours for the monkey. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 9: 135–42, 1966. [SS]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J.Intelligence, Information Processing, and Analogical Reasoning: The Componential Analysis of Human Abilities. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum Press, 1977. [RS]Google Scholar
The nature of mental abilities. American Psychologist, in press 1979. (a) [RS]Google Scholar
Representation and process in linear syllogistic reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, in press. 1979 (b) [RS]Google Scholar
Sternberg, S.Two operations in character recognition. Perception and Psychophysics. 2: 4553, 1967. [SS]Google Scholar
Sternberg, S. and Knoll, R. L. The perception of temporal order: Fundamental issues and a general model. In: Kornblum, S. (ed.), Attention and Performance IV. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 629–85, 1973. [SS]Google Scholar
Stevens, J. C. A comparison of ratio scales for the loudness of white noise and the brightness of white light. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, 1957. [RMW]Google Scholar
Stevens, J. C. and Hall, J. W.Brightness and loudness as functions of stimulus duration. Perception and Psychophysics. 1: 319–27, 1966. [RM]Google Scholar
Stevens, S. S. Mathematics, measurement, and psychophysics. In Stevens, S. S. (ed.), Handbook of Experimental Psychology. New York: Wiley, 1951. [LM]Google Scholar
Tayal, O. P.Absolute and difference limen in visual perception as a function of the duration of stimulus pulse. Perception & Psychophysics. 24: 4048, 1978CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, M. M., Lindsay, P. H., and Forbes, S. M.Quantification of shared capacity processing in auditory and visual discrimination. Acta Psychologica. 27: 223–29, 1967. [AR]Google Scholar
Tolhurst, D. J.Reaction times in the detection of gratings by human observers: A probabilistic Mechanism. Vision Research. 15: 1, 143–55, 1975. [JK, GW]Google Scholar
Townsend, J. T. and Roos, R. N.Search reaction time for single targets in multiletter stimuli with brief visual displays. Memory and Cognition. 1: 319–32, 1973. [JT]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. M. Selective attention and stimulus integration. Talk presented to the American Psychological Association, August 1978. [MP]Google Scholar
Ueno, T.Luminance-duration relation in reaction time to spectral stimuli. Vision Research. 16: 721–25, 1976. [TU]Google Scholar
Reaction time as a measure of temporal summation at suprathreshold levels. Vision Research. 17:227–32, 1977. [TU]Google Scholar
Uttal, W. R.The psychobiological silly season-or-What happens when neurophysiological data become psychological theories. Journal of General Psychology. 84: 151–66, 1971. [AB]Google Scholar
Vaughan, H. G. The perceptual and physiologic significance of visual evoked responses recorded from the scalp in man. In: Burian, H. M. and Jacobson, J. H., Clinical Electroretinography. pp. 203–20. New York: Pergamon Press, 1966. [RM]Google Scholar
Costa, L. D., and Gilden, L.The functional relation of visual evoked response and reaction time to stimulus intensity. Vision Research. 6: 645–56, 1966. [SS]Google Scholar
Victor, J. D. and Knight, B. W. Nonlinear analysis with an arbitrary stimulus ensemble. The Quarterly of Applied Mathematics. In Press, 1979. [GS]Google Scholar
Voltera, V.Theory of functionals and intergo-differential equations. New York: Dover, 1959. [SY]Google Scholar
Wandell, B. A.Speed-accuracy tradeoff in visual detection: Applications of neural counting and timing. Vision Research. 17: 217–25, 1977. [BW]Google Scholar
Warren, R. M.Visual intensity judgments: an empirical rule and a theory. Psychological Review. 76: 1630, 1969. [RMW]Google Scholar
Warren, R. M. and Warren, R. P.Basis for judgments of relative brightness. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 48: 445–50, 1958. [RMW]Google Scholar
Wasserman, G. S.Color Vision: An historical introduction. New York: Wiley, 1978 [GW]Google Scholar
Weale, R. A.Photo-chemical changes in the dark-adapting human retina. Vision Research. 2: 2533, 1962 [RAW]Google Scholar
Vision and fundus reflectometry. Documenta Ophthalmologica. 19:252–86, 1965. [RAW]Google Scholar
Senile changes in visual acuity. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom. 95:3638, 1975. [RAW]Google Scholar
The eye and aging. Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology. 13:113, 1978. [RAW]Google Scholar
Wells, G. R.The influence of stimulus duration on reaction time. Psychological Monographs. 15:(whole No. 66), 1913. [AP]Google Scholar
Werblin, F. S.Regenerative amacrine cell depolarization and formation of on-off ganglion cell responses. Journal of Physiology. 264: 767–85, 1977. [TF]Google Scholar
Werblin, F. S. and Copenhagen, D. R.Control of retinal sensitivity - III. Lateral interactions at the inner plexiform layer. Journal of General Physiology. 63: 88110, 1974. [TF]Google Scholar
Werblin, F. S. and Dowling, J. E.Organization of retina of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus. II. Intracellular recording. Journal of Neurophysiology. 32: 339–55, 1969. [TF]Google Scholar
Wickelgren, W. A.Speed-accuracy tradeoff and information processing dynamics. Acta Psychologica. 41: 6785, 1977. [MP]Google Scholar
Wiener, N.Cybernetics. New York: John Wiley, 1948. [FMc]Google Scholar
Witkovsky, P., Nelson, J., and Ripps, H.Action spectra and adaptation properties of carp photoreceptors. Journal of General Physiology. 61: 401–23, 1973. [TF]Google Scholar
Yeandle, S.Some properties of the components of the limulus ommatidiel potential. Kybernetik. 3: 250–54, 1967. [SY]Google Scholar
Zacks, J. L.Temporal summation phenomena at threshold: Their relation to visual mechanisms. Science. 170: 197–9, 1970. [TF]Google Scholar
Zwislocki, J. J.Theory of temporal auditory summation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 32: 1046–60, 1960. [LF, GW]Google Scholar
Temporal summation of loudness: An analysis. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 46:431–41, 1969. [HB, LF]Google Scholar