Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T15:23:44.361Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Healthcare as a Commons

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2009

Nancy S. Jecker  and
Albert R. Jonsen
Nancy S. Jecker
Affiliation:
Associate professor at the University of Washington's Departments of Medical History and Ethics, and Adjunct Assistant Professor at the University of Washington School of Law, Seattle
Albert R. Jonsen
Affiliation:
Chair of the Department of Medical History and Ethics, University of Washington, Seattle
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In September 1994, the New York Times carried a front page article declaring healthcare reform dead in Congress. The obituary on healthcare followed a Congressional decision not to pursue the issue further in 1994. Although Congress and the President will likely revisit healthcare reform during 1995, the choices may be between various incremental steps, rather than substantive changes to bring about universal coverage.

Type
Articles
Information
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics , Volume 4 , Issue 2 , Spring 1995 , pp. 207 - 216
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Clymer, A. National health program, President's greatest goal, declared dead in Congress. New York Times 1994;27 September:A1.Google Scholar

2. Lundberg, G. United States health care system reform: an era of shared sacrifice and responsibility begins. Journal of the American Medical Association 1994;271:1530–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

3. Tocqueville, AD. Democracy in America. In: Bradley, P., Ed. Democracy in America. New York: Random House, 1945:104–5.Google Scholar

4. See note 3. Tocqueville, . 1945:104.Google Scholar

5. See note 3. Tocqueville, . 1945:105.Google Scholar

6. See note 3. Tocqueville, . 1945:104.Google Scholar

7. Bellah, R. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.Google Scholar

8. Clinton, B. Quoted in The President's address to Congress on health care. New York Times 1993;23 09:A16–A17.Google Scholar

9. Eckholm, E. The uninsured: 37 million and growing. New York Times 1993;11 07:A5.Google Scholar

10. Aaron, H. Quoted in Erik Eckholm. The uninsured: 37 million and growing. New York Times 1993; 11 07:A5.Google Scholar

11. Clinton, HR. Quoted in Eckholm, E, The uninsured: 37 million and growing. New York Times 1993; 11 07:A5.Google Scholar

12. Tower, R. Clinton facing reality of health-care reform. New York Times 1993;21 05:A10.Google Scholar

13. Clinton, B. The Clinton health care plan. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;327:804–807, at p. 805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

14. Locke, J. Of Civil Government, Second Treatise. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1955.Google Scholar

15. Hume, D. A Treatise of Human Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.Google Scholar

16. Rawls, J. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.Google Scholar

17. Nozick, R. Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974.Google Scholar

18. Menzel, PT. Strong Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar

19. Menzel, PT. Medical Costs, Moral Choices. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20. Daniels, N. Just Health Care. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

21. Engelhardt, HT. Shattuck lecture: allocating scarce medical resources and the availability of organ transplantation: some moral presuppositions. New England Journal of Medicine 1987;63(3):234–56.Google Scholar

22. Engelhardt, HT. The Foundations of Bioethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

23. Welch, H, Larson, E. Dealing with limited resources: the Oregon decision to curtail funding for organ transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine 1988;319:171–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

24. Crawshaw, R. Organ transplants: a search for health policy at the state level. Western Journal of Medicine 1989;150:361–3.Google ScholarPubMed

25. The Oregon Basic Health Services Act consists of three related Bills, Senate bills 27, 534, and 935, approved by the Oregon Senate during the Spring of 1989.

26. Hadorn, D. Setting health care priorities in Oregon: Cost-effectiveness meets the rule of rescue. Journal of the American Medical Association 1991;265:2218–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

27. Eddy, DM. Oregon's methods: did cost-effectiveness analysis fail? Journal of the American Medical Association 1991;266:2135–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

28. See note 2. Lundberg, . 1994:1533.Google Scholar

29. See note 26. Hadorn, . 1991:2135–41.Google Scholar

30. See note 26. Hadorn, . 1991:2219.Google Scholar

31. Jonsen, AR. Bentham in a box: technology assessment and health care technology. Law Medicine and Health Care 1986;14:172–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

32. Garland, MJ. Rationing in public: Oregon's priority-setting methodology. In: Strosberg, MA, Wiener, JM, Baker, R, Fein, IA, Eds. Rationing America's Medical Care: The Oregon Plan and Beyond. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1992:37–59, at p. 37.Google Scholar

33. See note 32. Garland, . 1992:56.Google Scholar

34. Emanuel, EJ. The Ends of Human Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991.Google Scholar

35. Sandel, M. Introduction. In: Michael, Sandel, Ed. Liberalism and its Critics. New York: New York University Press, 1987:5.Google Scholar

36. Maclntyre, A. After Virtue. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981:205.Google Scholar

37. Buchanan, AE. Assessing the communitarian critique of liberalism. Ethics 1989;99:852–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

38. Gutmann, A. Communitarian critics of liberalism. Philosophy of Public Affairs 1985;14:308–22.Google Scholar

39. Exdell, J. Ethics, ideology, and feminine virtue. In: Hanen, M, Nielsen, K, Eds. Science, Morality and Feminist Theory. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1987:169–99.Google Scholar

40. Larmore, C. Patterns of Moral Complexity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

41. Hiatt, HH. Protecting the medical commons. New England Journal of Medicine 1975;293:235–41, at p. 238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

42. The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press, Vol. 1, 1984:484.Google Scholar

43. See note 42. Oxford English Dictionary. 1984:484.Google Scholar

44. Levine, BL. The tragedy of the comedy of community: the commons in history. Journal of Community Psychology 1986;14:81–99.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

45. Dahlman, CJ. The Open Field System and Beyond: A Property Rights Analysis of an Economic Institution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1980:23–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

46. See note 44. Levine, . 1986:86.Google Scholar

47. See note 44. Levine, . 1986:87.Google Scholar

48. See note 44. Levine, . 1986:89.Google Scholar

49. See note 44. Levine, . 1986:89–90.Google Scholar

50. Hardin, G. The tragedy of the commons. Science 1968;162:1243–8.Google ScholarPubMed

51. See note 44. Levine, . 1986:91.Google Scholar

52. See note 44. Levine, . 1986:92.Google Scholar

53. Jonsen, AR. Fear of rationing. Health Manage Quarterly 1992;14:6–9, at p. 8.Google ScholarPubMed

54. Iglehart, J. Health policy report: the American health care system: Medicaid. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;328:896–900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

55. Daniels, N. Am I My Parents' Keeper? New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.Google Scholar

56. See note 44. Levine, . 1986:81–99.Google Scholar

57. Callahan, D. What Kind of Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990:111–2.Google Scholar

58. Walzer, M. Spheres of Justice. New York: Basic Books, 1983.Google Scholar

59. Priester, R. A values framework for health system reform. Health Affairs 1992:84–107.Google Scholar

60. See note 59. Priester, . 1992:86.Google Scholar

61. Dougerty, CJ. Ethical values in health care reform. Journal of the American Medical Association 1992;268:2409–12; at p. 2411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar