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Calcium Deposits in the Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus: Microstructure Versus Elemental Distribution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 January 2016

Gilles Luquet ,
Yannicke Dauphin ,
Aline Percot ,
Murielle Salomé ,
Andreas Ziegler ,
Maria S. Fernández  and
José L. Arias
Gilles Luquet*
Affiliation:
Sorbonne Universités, Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), UMR MNHN/CNRS-7208/UPMC/UCN/UA/IRD-207, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
Yannicke Dauphin
Affiliation:
Sorbonne Universités, Département Systèmatique et Evolution, Mammifères et Oiseaux, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
Aline Percot
Affiliation:
Sorbonne Universités, MONARIS, UMR 8233 CNRS/UPMC, Université Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
Murielle Salomé
Affiliation:
ID21, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
Andreas Ziegler
Affiliation:
Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
Maria S. Fernández
Affiliation:
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
José L. Arias
Affiliation:
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
*
*Corresponding author.gluquet@mnhn.fr
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Abstract

The crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus stores calcium ions, easily mobilizable after molting, for calcifying parts of the new exoskeleton. They are chiefly stored as amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) during each premolt in a pair of gastroliths synthesized in the stomach wall. How calcium carbonate is stabilized in the amorphous state in such a biocomposite remains speculative. The knowledge of the microstructure at the nanometer level obtained by field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy combined with scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, micro-Raman and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy gave relevant information on the elaboration of such an ACC-stabilized biomineral. We observed nanogranules distributed along chitin-protein fibers and the aggregation of granules in thin layers. AFM confirmed the nanolevel structure, showing granules probably surrounded by an organic layer and also revealing a second level of aggregation as described for other crystalline biominerals. Raman analyses showed the presence of ACC, amorphous calcium phosphate, and calcite. Elemental analyses confirmed the presence of elements like Fe, Na, Mg, P, and S. P and S are heterogeneously distributed. P is present in both the mineral and organic phases of gastroliths. S seems present as sulfate (probably as sulfated sugars), sulfonate, sulfite, and sulfoxide groups and, in a lesser extent, as sulfur-containing amino acids.

Keywords

amorphous calcium carbonateamorphous calcium phosphatebiomineralizationcalcium storageorganic matrix
Type
Biological Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , February 2016 , pp. 22 - 38
Copyright
© Microscopy Society of America 2016 

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