Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T21:53:49.764Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

System characteristics and management practices for small ruminant production in “Climate Smart Villages” of Kenya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2016

J.M.K. Ojango*
Affiliation:
International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
J. Audho
Affiliation:
International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
E. Oyieng
Affiliation:
International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
J. Recha
Affiliation:
International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
A.M. Okeyo
Affiliation:
International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
J. Kinyangi
Affiliation:
International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
A.W.T. Muigai
Affiliation:
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
*
Correspondence to: J.M.K. Ojango, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya. email: j.ojango@cgiar.org
Get access

Summary

The CGIAR research programme on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security, in collaboration with several partners is testing a portfolio of interventions to address the threat of changing climatic conditions for smallholder farming communities living beside river flood plains, grouped into “Climate Smart Villages” (CSVs). We present characteristics of farms in CSV in relation to small ruminant (SR) production and the scenario for a breeding and improvement programme. Information was collated using participatory systems research methods from 140 households in seven CSVs in Nyando basin, Kenya. Although most households were headed by men, there were a higher proportion of adult women within the communities, and literacy levels were moderate. A total of 58 percent of the population owned <1 ha of land for growing crops and rearing on average 6.96 ± 3.35 Tropical Livestock Units comprising different species of animals. Women headed households owned more sheep which were mainly crosses of unspecified local breeds, than Goats which were mainly the Small East African breed-type. Mating among the SR was random, with no control of inbreeding as flocks mixed in grazing fields and at water points. Farmers desired large and resilient animals for better market prices; however, growth rates were slow. The SR flocks were dynamic with 31 percent of the animals moving in and out of flocks in a year. A community breeding programme optimally using available resources and incorporating gender integrated innovative technologies could be implemented for the CSV, alongside strong capacity development on animal husbandry, health and marketing of products.

Résumé

Le programme de recherche du CGIAR sur le Changement Climatique, l'Agriculture et la Sécurité Alimentaire, développé en collaboration avec divers partenaires, a évalué une série d'interventions pour s'attaquer à la menace de conditions climatiques changeantes pesant sur les communautés de petits éleveurs habitant près de plaines alluviales fluviales, groupées sous le nom de “Villages Intelligents face au Climat” (VIC). Nous présentons les caractéristiques des exploitations des VIC par rapport aux performances des petits ruminants et le contexte pour un programme de sélection et d'amélioration. Les informations ont été obtenues en impliquant 140 ménages de 7 VIC du bassin du fleuve Nyando, au Kenya, dans le processus de recherche. Bien que la plupart des ménages étaient dirigés par des hommes, la proportion de femmes adultes dans les communautés a été plus élevée. Les niveaux d'alphabétisation ont été modérés. Le 58 pour cent de la population possédait moins d'un hectare de terre pour les cultures et pour élever, en moyenne, 6.96 ± 3.35 Unités de Bétail Tropical de différentes espèces d'animaux. Dans les ménages dirigés par des femmes, il y avait plus de moutons, résultant essentiellement du croisement de races locales non spécifiques, que de chèvres, celles-ci étant principalement du type racial Petite Chèvre d'Afrique de l'Est. Les accouplements des petits ruminants se faisaient de façon aléatoire, sans aucun contrôle de la consanguinité, puisque les troupeaux se mélangeaient dans les pâturages et aux points d'eau. Les éleveurs souhaitaient avoir des animaux grands et résistants pour pouvoir bénéficier de meilleurs prix sur le marché. Cependant, les vitesses de croissance ont été basses. Les troupeaux de petits ruminants ont été dynamiques, avec un 31 pour cent des animaux entrant et quittant les troupeaux chaque année. Un programme communautaire de sélection employant les ressources disponibles de façon optimale et intégrant le sujet du genre dans les technologies innovantes pourrait être mis en œuvre dans les VIC. Ce programme devrait s'accompagner d'un renforcement des capacités pour le développement de l'élevage, l'amélioration de l'état sanitaire et la commercialisation des produits.

Resumen

El programa de investigación del CGIAR sobre Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria, desarrollado en colaboración con varios socios, está evaluando una serie de intervenciones para hacer frente a la amenaza de condiciones climáticas cambiantes sobre comunidades de pequeños ganaderos residentes junto a llanuras aluviales de ríos, agrupadas bajo el nombre de “Aldeas Climáticamente Inteligentes” (ACI). Presentamos las características de las granjas de las ACI en relación a la producción de los pequeños rumiantes y el contexto para un programa de selección y mejora. La información se obtuvo mediante la participación en el proceso de investigación de 140 hogares de 7 ACI en la cuenca del río Nyando, en Kenya. Si bien la mayoría de los hogares eran liderados por hombres, se dio una mayor proporción de mujeres adultas dentro de las comunidades. Los niveles de alfabetización fueron moderados. El 58 por ciento de la población poseía menos de una hectárea de tierra para cultivar y para criar, de media, 6.96 ± 3.35 Unidades de Ganado Tropical, entre las cuales se incluían diferentes especies de animales. En los hogares dirigidos por mujeres, predominaban las ovejas, las cuales resultaban principalmente de cruces entre razas locales inespecíficas, frente a las cabras, que eran mayoritariamente del tipo racial Cabra Pequeña de África Oriental. Los apareamientos de los pequeños rumiantes se realizaban de manera aleatoria, sin ningún control de la endogamia, dado que los rebaños se mezclaban en los pastos y en los puntos de agua. Los ganaderos deseaban tener animales grandes y resistentes para poder beneficiarse de mejores precios de mercado. Sin embargo, las velocidades de crecimiento fueron bajas. Los rebaños de pequeños rumiantes eran dinámicos, con un 31 por ciento de los animales entrando y saliendo de los rebaños cada año. Se podría implementar en las ACI un programa de mejora comunitario que emplease de manera óptima los recursos disponibles y que incorporase la cuestión del género en las tecnologías innovadoras. Este programa debería acompañarse de un refuerzo de las capacidades para el desarrollo de la ganadería, la mejora del estado sanitario y la comercialización de los productos.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahuya, C.O., Okeyo, A.M. & Peacock, C. 2005. Developmental challenges and opportunities in the goat industry: the Kenyan experience. Small Rumin. Res., 60: 197206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, R.L. & Gray, G.D. 2004. Appropriate breeds and breeding schemes for sheep and goats in the tropics. In Worm control for small ruminants in Tropical Asia, pp. 6395 (available at http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/615/worm_control_b.pdf).Google Scholar
Bett, R.C., Kosgey, I.S., Kahi, A.K. & Peters, K.J. 2008. Analysis of production objectives and breeding practices of dairy goats in Kenya. Tropical Anim. Health Prod., 41: 307320.Google Scholar
Bett, R.C., Bett, H.K., Kahi, A.K. & Peters, K.J. 2009. Evaluation of effectiveness of breeding and production services for dairy goat farmers in Kenya. Ecol. Econ., 68: 24512460.Google Scholar
Ejlertsen, M., Poole, J. & Marshall, K. 2013. Traditional breeding objectives and practices of goat, sheep and cattle smallholders in The Gambia and implications in relation to the design of breeding interventions. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 45: 219229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatenby, R.M. 1986. Sheep production in the tropics and sub-tropics. New York, Longman Inc.Google Scholar
Gizaw, S., Hans, K. & van Arendonk, J.A.M. 2009. Optimal village breeding schemes under smallholder sheep farming systems. Livest. Sci., 124: 13.Google Scholar
Gizaw, S., Komen, H. & van Arendonk, J.A. 2010. Participatory definition of breeding objectives and selection indexes for sheep breeding in traditional systems. Livest. Sci., 128: 6774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IPCC. 2007. Intergovernmental panel on climate change. Fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jaitner, J., Sowe, J., Secka-Njie, E. & Demple, L. 2001. Ownership pattern and management practices of small ruminants in The Gambia-implications for a breeding programme. Small Rumin. Res., 40: 101108.Google Scholar
Kosgey, I.S. & Okeyo, A.M. 2007. Genetic improvement of small ruminants in low-input, smallholder production systems: technical and infrastructural issues. Small Rumin. Res., 70: 7688.Google Scholar
Kosgey, I.S., Van Arendonk, J.A.M. & Baker, R.L. 2004. Economic values for traits in breeding objectives for sheep in the tropics: impact of tangible and intangible benefits. Livest. Prod. Sci., 88: 143160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosgey, I.S., Baker, R.L., Udo, H.M.J. & Van Arendonk, J.A.M. 2006. Successes and failures of small ruminant breeding programmes in the tropics: a review. Small Rumin. Res., 61: 1328.Google Scholar
Kristjanson, P., Neufeldt, H., Gassner, A., Mango, J., Kyazze, F., Desta, S., Sayula, G., Thiede, B., Forch, W., Thornton, P.K. & Coe, R. 2012. Are food insecure smallholder households making changes in their farming practices? Evidence from East Africa. Food Secur., 4: 381397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macoloo, C., Recha, J., Radeny, M. & Kinyangi, J. 2013. Empowering a local community to address climate risk and food insecurity in Lower Nyando, Kenya. Case Study for Hunger, Nutrition, Climate Justice 2013. A new Dialogue putting people at the heart of development. Dublin Ireland (available at http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/27889).Google Scholar
Mango, J., Mideva, A., Osanya, W. & Odhiambo, A. 2011. Summary of baseline household survey results: lower Nyando, Kenya. Copenhagen, Denmark, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) (available at http://www.ccafs.cgiar.org).Google Scholar
Mueller, J.P., Rischkowsky, B., Haile, A., Philipsson, J., Mwai, O., Besbes, B. & Wurzinger, M. 2015. Community-based livestock breeding programmes: essentials and examples. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 132: 155168. doi: 10.1111/jbg.12136.Google Scholar
Njuki, J., Poole, J., Johnson, N., Baltenweck, I., Pali, P., Lokman, Z. & Mburu, S. 2011. Gender, livestock and livelihood indicators. ILRI (available at https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/3036/Gender%20Livestock%20and%20Livelihood%20Indicators.pdf).Google Scholar
Ojango, J.M.K., Ahuya, C., Okeyo, A.M. & Rege, J.E.O. 2010. The Farm Africa dairy goat improvement program in Kenya: a case study. In Ojango, J.M., Malmfors, B. & Okeyo, A.M., eds. Animal genetics training resource, version 3, 2011. Nairobi, Kenya, International Livestock Research Institute, and Uppsala, Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.Google Scholar
Ojango, J.M.K., Audho, J., Oyieng, E., Recha, J. & Muigai, A. 2015. Sustainable small ruminant breeding program for climate – smart villages in Kenya: baseline household survey report. CCAFS Working Paper no. 127. Copenhagen, Denmark, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) (available at https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/68390).Google Scholar
Peacock, C. 2005. Goats - a pathway out of poverty. Small Rumin. Res., 60: 179186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peacock, C., Ahuya, C.O., Ojango, J.M.K. & Okeyo, A.M. 2011. Practical crossbreeding for improved livelihoods in developing countries: the FARM Africa goat project. Livest. Sci., 136: 3844.Google Scholar
Rege, J.E.O., Marshall, K., Notenbaert, A., Ojango, J.M.K. & Okeyo, A.M. 2011. Pro-poor animal improvement and breeding – what can science do? Livest. Sci., 136: 1528.Google Scholar
Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M. & de Haan, C. 2006. Livestock’s long shadow environmental issues and options. Edited by FAO. Rome, FAO.Google Scholar